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==Connecting to an SSH Server==
==Connecting to an SSH Server==
Under Linux and macOS the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS [[OpenLAB]].
Under Linux and macOS, the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS [[Nexus]].
  # ssh bkirz@openlab.umiacs.umd.edu
  # ssh username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
This will give you access to a terminal on any one of the [[OpenLAB]] servers.  Note that by default you will not have access to applications that require X11 to run.
'''Note: Your Nexus submission node will vary depending on your sponsorship. See [[Nexus#Access|Nexus Access]] for more information.'''
This will give you access to a terminal on any one of the [[Nexus]] servers.  Note that by default you will not have access to applications that require X11 to run.


All UMIACS Windows hosts are installed with SSH Secure Shell Client. Alternatively, users can install these software on their personal machines:
All UMIACS-supported Windows hosts are installed with [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY]. If you are using a self-supported machine, you can either download and install PuTTY yourself, or if you are running a [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-10-enterprise-and-education currently supported version of Windows], you can install the OpenSSH client natively in Windows by following Microsoft's instructions [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/openssh/openssh_install_firstuse here]. Only the client is needed and not the server.
 
* [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY]
* [http://ttssh2.sourceforge.jp/ ttssh2]
 
Alternatively, all users can launch terminal sessions [[JuniperVPNTerminalSession| through the Juniper VPN web interface.]]


==X11 Forwarding==
==X11 Forwarding==
By default, SSH only gives the user shell access to a host.  Enabling X11 Forwarding allows users to run applications with Graphical User Interfaces.
By default, SSH only gives the user shell access to a host.  Enabling X11 Forwarding allows users to run applications with Graphical User Interfaces.


Under Linux and macOS, the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS [[OpenLAB]] using X11 Forwarding.
Under Linux and macOS, the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS [[Nexus]] using X11 Forwarding. Please note that under macOS, [http://xquartz.macosforge.org/landing/ xQuartz] is required on the client machine to forward X sessions from the remote session.
  # ssh '''-Y''' bkirz@openlab.umiacs.umd.edu
  # ssh '''-Y''' username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
'''Note: Your Nexus submission node will vary depending on your sponsorship. See [[Nexus#Access|Nexus Access]] for more information.'''
 
Under Windows, you will need to forward X through [http://sourceforge.net/projects/vcxsrv/ VcXsrv] or another X11 application.


Under macOS, [http://xquartz.macosforge.org/landing/ xQuartz] is required on the client machine to forward X sessions from the remote session.
If using PuTTY, you will need to enable X forwarding. The option is under Connection > SSH > X11, shown below.


If you do not have Cygwin, you will need to forward X through
[[Image:Putty-x-forwarding.png]]
[http://sourceforge.net/projects/vcxsrv/ VcXsrv] or
[http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/ Xming].
First, enable X forwarding on your secure ssh client. The option is under tunneling in the ssh client settings, shown below. This only has to be done once.


[[Image:sshXForward.jpg]]
If using the [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/terminal/install Windows Terminal app], you will need to set an environment variable and then relaunch the app.
:<pre>setx.exe DISPLAY "127.0.0.1:0.0"</pre>


Next, click save in the main ssh appication window to save this setting.
After this has been done, every time you want to use X forwarding, you need to make sure VcXsrv or your other application has been started. If using VcXsrv, there will be an icon in your system tray.


After this has been done, every time you want to use X forwarding, you need to make sure VcXsrv or Xming has been started (it will appear in your task tray) through the start menu programs.
You will now be able to use Xwindow programs from your SSH client.
Now, you will be able to use Xwindow programs from your ssh client.


==SSH Tunneling==
==SSH Tunneling==
You can tunnel one or more ports through an SSH connection such that your packets will look like they are coming from the host you are tunneling to.  This is helpful for services that you would be normally blocked by a firewall.
You can tunnel one or more ports through an SSH connection such that your packets will look like they are coming from the host you are tunneling to.  This is helpful for services that you would be normally blocked by a firewall.


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==SSH Keys (and Passwordless SSH)==
==SSH Keys (and Passwordless SSH)==
SSH can utilize public key encryption to authenticate and authorize users. This can be considered more secure especially if you secure your private key with a pass-phrase. The keys themselves are not susceptible to brute force attacks like normal passwords over SSH are.


There are some situations where it is important to be able to ssh without entering a password.  This is mostly required when working in clusters.  This is done using ssh keys.  Instead of authenticating with a password, ssh can use a pre-defined set of encryption keys to establish an authorized connection.
Please see the [[SSH/Keys]] page for more information.
To setup passwordless ssh, do the following.


First, you will need to create a ssh [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_pair key pair].  It is possible to use a password that you will need to enter at the beginning of your work session.  This is preferable as it is more secure but may cause problems for some clustered work, particularly our TORQUE/MAUI clusters. If you simply hit '''[enter]''', you will never be prompted for a password when ssh'ing which can lead to security problems.
'''Note: UMIACS still requires multi-factor authentication if you are connecting from the public internet for security reasons. If you first connect to our VPN, you should then be able to use the keys as normal.'''


# To create a '''''passwordless''''' key, type the following, and then hit enter to place the keys in the default directory.  '''NOTE: This is ''REQUIRED'' for our [[ClusterGuide|TORQUE/MAUI]]-based clusters!''' <pre>  # ssh-keygen -N ""</pre>
==Verify remote host SSH fingerprint==
#: Alternatively, to create a '''''passphrase-protected''''' (more-secure) key, type the following.  Do not use this option if you plan to use any of our [[ClusterGuide|TORQUE/MAUI]]-based clusters.<pre>  # ssh-keygen</pre>
The SSH protocol relies on host keys to verify the identify of a given host.  Each host as a unique key for the various different protocols supported.   
#This will produce two files, '''id_rsa''' and '''id_rsa.pub''', the private and public keys, respectively.  The default location will be ~/.ssh/. For the purposes of this tutorial we'll assume this default. Once you've created the keys, you will need to put them into place as follows:
  # chmod 700 ~/.ssh
  # chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
  # touch ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2
  # chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2
  # cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2
  # rm ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
 
*It is '''very''' important that you keep your private key secure!  Ensure that it is chmod'd to 600 and that you do not put it anywhere visible to other users!
*You must also make sure that no other users may write to your .ssh directory. This includes making sure that your home directory is not writable by group. Your home directory should be chmod'd to 750 or 700 to make sure of this. If the group write bit is set, your ssh keys '''WILL NOT WORK'''
 
If you did not select a passphrase when you generated your keys, you can now ssh without a password.  If you did select a passphrase, you will need to activate the keys as follows:


  # ssh-agent [SHELL]
When connecting to a remove host for the first time, or when the remote host's local host key configuration has changed, you may see the following prompt:
  # ssh-add -t [TIME]
 
In this case, "[SHELL]" is your preferred shell and "[TIME]" is the amount of time you'd like the key to be active in seconds.  So, the following would start a bash shell with passwordless ssh active for 30 minutes:
 
  # ssh-agent bash
  # ssh-add -t 1800
 
You will be prompted for your passphrase and, when entered correctly, you will be able to ssh without entering a password.
 
To disable this functionality, simply delete your private key file ('''~/.ssh/id_rsa''') and remove the public key from your '''~/.ssh/authorized_keys2''' file.
 
==Verify remote host SSH fingerprint==
The SSH protocol relies on host keys to verify the identify of a given host.  Each host as a unique key for the various different protocols supported.  When connecting to a remove host for the first time, or when the remote host's local host key configuration has changed, you may see the following prompt:
<pre>
<pre>
$ ssh sabobbin@openlab
$ ssh username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
The authenticity of host 'openlab (128.8.132.247)' can't be established.
The authenticity of host 'nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu (128.8.121.73)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f.
RSA key fingerprint is 25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
</pre>
</pre>
It is considered best practice to verify the key fingerprint with the actual key of the host.  UMIACS maintains a reference of SSH key fingerprints available at the following link:  
It is considered best practice to verify the key fingerprint with the actual key of the host.  UMIACS maintains a reference of SSH key fingerprints available at the following link:  
https://gitlab.umiacs.umd.edu/staff/ssh-fingerprints/blob/master/fingerprints
https://intranet.umiacs.umd.edu/hostkeys


It is important to note that each key type has a different fingerprint.  Depending on your local configuration, your client may prefer a specific type of key.  The following commands can be used to determine the fingerprint of a given key type on a remote host:
It is important to note that each key type has a different fingerprint.  Depending on your local configuration, your client may prefer a specific type of key.  The following commands can be used to determine the fingerprint of a given key type on a remote host:


<pre>
<pre>
$ ssh-keyscan -t rsa openlab.umiacs.umd.edu > key
$ ssh-keyscan -t rsa nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu > key
# openlab.umiacs.umd.edu SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.4
# nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu:22 SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.0
$ ssh-keygen -l -f key
$ ssh-keygen -l -E md5 -f key
2048 25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f openlab.umiacs.umd.edu (RSA)
2048 MD5:25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu (RSA)
</pre>
</pre>


If you have any questions, or notice a discrepancy, please submit a request to staff@umiacs.umd.edu.
If you have any questions, or notice a discrepancy, please [[HelpDesk | contact staff]].


===Windows / Putty Verification===
===Windows / PuTTY Verification===
Those who user putty to connect to remote hosts, the prompt will be similar to the following:
If you use PuTTY to connect to remote hosts, the prompt will be similar to the following:


[[File:Putty ssh host key prompt.png]]
[[File:Putty ssh host key prompt.png]]


If the host key reported by putty matches the [https://gitlab.umiacs.umd.edu/staff/ssh-fingerprints/blob/master/fingerprints Documented entry for that host], it is safe to click 'yes'.  If they do not match, please report the issue to [mailto:staff@umiacs.umd.edu staff@umiacs.umd.edu]
If the host key reported by PuTTY matches the [https://gitlab.umiacs.umd.edu/staff/ssh-fingerprints/blob/master/fingerprints Documented entry for that host], it is safe to click 'yes'.  If they do not match, please report the issue to [mailto:staff@umiacs.umd.edu staff@umiacs.umd.edu].


===Other Platforms===
===Other Platforms===
* [https://winscp.net/eng/docs/faq_hostkey WinSCP]
* [https://winscp.net/eng/docs/faq_hostkey WinSCP]
 
* [https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/ MobaXterm]


==Long Running Processes==
==Long Running Processes==
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==Further Information==
==Further Information==
[http://www.openssh.org/ OpenSSH]
* [https://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH]
 
* [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/openssh/openssh_install_firstuse OpenSSH on Windows]
[http://www.openssh.com/windows.html Windows Clients]

Latest revision as of 13:02, 23 September 2024

Secure Shell (or SSH) is a network protocol allowing two computers to exchange data securely over an insecure network. By default, use of SSH brings the user to a terminal, but the protocol can be used for other types of data transfer such as SFTP and SCP.

Connecting to an SSH Server

Under Linux and macOS, the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS Nexus. 

# ssh username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
Note: Your Nexus submission node will vary depending on your sponsorship. See Nexus Access for more information.

This will give you access to a terminal on any one of the Nexus servers. Note that by default you will not have access to applications that require X11 to run.

All UMIACS-supported Windows hosts are installed with PuTTY. If you are using a self-supported machine, you can either download and install PuTTY yourself, or if you are running a currently supported version of Windows, you can install the OpenSSH client natively in Windows by following Microsoft's instructions here. Only the client is needed and not the server.

X11 Forwarding

By default, SSH only gives the user shell access to a host. Enabling X11 Forwarding allows users to run applications with Graphical User Interfaces.

Under Linux and macOS, the following command from a terminal will connect a client computer to the UMIACS Nexus using X11 Forwarding. Please note that under macOS, xQuartz is required on the client machine to forward X sessions from the remote session. 

# ssh -Y username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
Note: Your Nexus submission node will vary depending on your sponsorship. See Nexus Access for more information.

Under Windows, you will need to forward X through VcXsrv or another X11 application.

If using PuTTY, you will need to enable X forwarding. The option is under Connection > SSH > X11, shown below.

Putty-x-forwarding.png

If using the Windows Terminal app, you will need to set an environment variable and then relaunch the app. 

setx.exe DISPLAY "127.0.0.1:0.0"

After this has been done, every time you want to use X forwarding, you need to make sure VcXsrv or your other application has been started. If using VcXsrv, there will be an icon in your system tray.

You will now be able to use Xwindow programs from your SSH client.

SSH Tunneling

You can tunnel one or more ports through an SSH connection such that your packets will look like they are coming from the host you are tunneling to. This is helpful for services that you would be normally blocked by a firewall.

Please see the SecureShellTunneling page for more information.

SSH Keys (and Passwordless SSH)

SSH can utilize public key encryption to authenticate and authorize users. This can be considered more secure especially if you secure your private key with a pass-phrase. The keys themselves are not susceptible to brute force attacks like normal passwords over SSH are.

Please see the SSH/Keys page for more information.

Note: UMIACS still requires multi-factor authentication if you are connecting from the public internet for security reasons. If you first connect to our VPN, you should then be able to use the keys as normal.

Verify remote host SSH fingerprint

The SSH protocol relies on host keys to verify the identify of a given host. Each host as a unique key for the various different protocols supported.

When connecting to a remove host for the first time, or when the remote host's local host key configuration has changed, you may see the following prompt: 

$ ssh username@nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu
The authenticity of host 'nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu (128.8.121.73)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

It is considered best practice to verify the key fingerprint with the actual key of the host. UMIACS maintains a reference of SSH key fingerprints available at the following link: https://intranet.umiacs.umd.edu/hostkeys

It is important to note that each key type has a different fingerprint. Depending on your local configuration, your client may prefer a specific type of key. The following commands can be used to determine the fingerprint of a given key type on a remote host: 

$ ssh-keyscan -t rsa nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu > key
# nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu:22 SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.0
$ ssh-keygen -l -E md5 -f key
2048 MD5:25:83:aa:df:f5:ad:5f:08:c9:8a:a3:5d:97:8b:48:1f nexusgroup00.umiacs.umd.edu (RSA)

If you have any questions, or notice a discrepancy, please contact staff.

Windows / PuTTY Verification

If you use PuTTY to connect to remote hosts, the prompt will be similar to the following:

Putty ssh host key prompt.png

If the host key reported by PuTTY matches the Documented entry for that host, it is safe to click 'yes'. If they do not match, please report the issue to staff@umiacs.umd.edu.

Other Platforms

Long Running Processes

If you are dealing with a long running process that is inhibiting your ability to work regularly, you may want to run your processes inside a screen on the host that you're connecting to. This way, if the connection is dropped for any reason the screen session will automatically detach on the host and will continue running so that you can reattach it at a later time when you've connected again. Please see our documentation on GNU Screen for more information.

Further Information

Retrieved from "https://wiki.umiacs.umd.edu/umiacs/index.php?title=SecureShell&oldid=12048"